Modo.us Lawsuits: 12 Federal Cases, 4 Arbitration Orders

Twelve federal cases now carry the name of Modo.us operator ARB Gaming, LLC, across eleven districts in ten states, and four of them ended the same way: judges in Utah, Ohio, Oregon and Illinois ordered the players out of their class actions and into individual arbitration between April and July 2026. In two of those rulings the clause survived because of the 30-day opt-out almost nobody uses, and the newest case was filed in Minnesota, the one district where we have seen a judge refuse to send a sweepstakes player to arbitration.

Modo.us is run by ARB Gaming, LLC. We pulled every federal docket captioned with that name from the public court record on September 12, 2026, and downloaded and read the four orders in full. That is how we check everything we publish. Modo is not one of our ranked brands and never has been; it sits on our sweepstakes casino blacklist over the Arizona Department of Gaming lawsuit and the Illinois cease-and-desist wave.

We reported the Illinois ruling on its own in August, when it named ARB Gaming, LLC as the company behind Modo.us. What was not visible then is the pattern around it.

Which courts have ruled on Modo's arbitration clause?

Four, inside thirteen weeks, in Utah, Ohio, Oregon and Illinois. Every one of those four went the operator's way. A fifth, in Massachusetts, went against it on September 14, 2026, after this article was published.

All four were stayed rather than dismissed, so all four stayed open on the court's books. The nearest date in the set belonged to the Illinois case: Judge Joan B. Gottschall gave the parties sixty days to report on the progress of the arbitration, "that is, on or before September 21, 2026." On that date the plaintiff filed something else. Entry 37 is a "NOTICE of Voluntary Dismissal by Talisha Harris without Prejudice", so the Illinois case is being dropped rather than reported on, and we set out what that costs a player in our report on the Modo player who walked away.

The run of operator wins has also ended since we published. On September 14, 2026, in Miranda v. ARB Gaming, LLC in the District of Massachusetts - the case listed as "Live" in the second table below - Judge Allison D. Burroughs denied ARB's motion to compel arbitration outright, and set the company's response to the complaint for September 28. That is the fifth court to reach this clause and the first to refuse it, and we read the order in our report on the Massachusetts ruling. The four orders described here are unaffected; the pattern around them is not what it was.

The Utah case is the one worth pausing on, because the player stopped fighting. ARB Gaming filed its motion on March 6, 2026. On April 20 the plaintiff filed a notice of non-opposition, and District Judge David Barlow's two-page order two days later says why that was the end of it: "In light of Defendants' arguments and Plaintiff's non-opposition, Defendants' [16] Motion to Compel Arbitration is GRANTED." The case is stayed, with status reports due every 90 days.

Ohio and Oregon both went to a magistrate judge first, and in both the plaintiff let the 14-day objection window lapse without filing anything. That did not make the outcome automatic, but it did decide how hard the district judge looked. Judge John R. Adams wrote that any further review in Ohio "would be a duplicative and inefficient use of the Court's limited resources," adopted the recommendation on May 15, and warned the plaintiff's side that the case will be "dismissed for want of prosecution" if the 90-day arbitration status reports stop arriving. Judge Ann Aiken reviewed the Oregon record for clear error, found none, and adopted the findings in full on July 16. The legal work in both is in the magistrate's document, not the adopting order: 18 pages in Ohio, 27 in Oregon.

How many lawsuits does Modo.us face?

Twelve, in federal court, spread across eleven federal districts in ten states. Four produced the orders above. Here are the other eight:

Two of the twelve are already closed. The other ten are live, and we have read orders in four of them. The ten states are Utah, Ohio, Oregon and Illinois, which carry the four rulings, plus Minnesota, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Alabama, California and Tennessee, with California holding two of the twelve across its northern and eastern districts. Our state-by-state map of where sweepstakes casinos are legal covers the rules in each of them.

Why does the 30-day opt-out keep deciding these cases?

Because it is the answer to the argument players keep making, which is that a take-it-or-leave-it arbitration clause is unconscionable.

Magistrate Judge Carmen E. Henderson wrote the line in Ohio on April 24, 2026: "The presence of this opt-out provision weighs heavily against a finding of procedural unconscionability, as it establishes that Plaintiff retained a meaningful choice and was not compelled to accept arbitration as a condition of using the service."

Two months later the Oregon court quoted that sentence back, citing the Ohio decision by name, and added its own reasoning: the player "accepted the terms to play casino-themed games online", Modo "may be one of the larger players in the online gambling game" but is "certainly not the only players", and both the December 2023 and August 2025 versions of the terms gave 30 days to opt out.

The clause those courts were reading is quoted in the Oregon findings, in the terms' own capitals: "YOU MAY OPT OUT OF THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT WITHIN THIRTY (30) DAYS OF ENTERING THIS AGREEMENT ... OPT-OUT REQUESTS SENT AFTER THE THIRTY (30) DAY PERIOD SHALL BE NULL AND VOID."

We wrote in August that a 30-day opt-out window is the industry template, running across nine brands in six unrelated corporate groups. This is what that template does in practice. The clock starts when you sign up, it runs whether or not you ever read the terms, and two federal courts have now treated the fact that you did not use it as evidence that you chose arbitration freely.

Does a sweepstakes site's geo-block put it in your state's court?

In Oregon, yes, and that finding cuts against the whole industry.

ARB Gaming asked to be dismissed outright on the ground that it has no meaningful connection to Oregon and should not be "forced to litigate" there. Magistrate Judge Amy E. Potter rejected that, and the facts she relied on are the compliance machinery every sweepstakes operator runs: the company "affirmatively collects residency information from individuals accessing the website", it "denies access to people living in states that do not permit online gaming of the type offered through ARB's website", players "must affirm that they do not live in any of the 'excluded' states or territories", and they "must verify their address by uploading documents showing their address, such as a utility bill".

Her conclusion: "Defendant's work to obtain and maintain the personal and financial data of Oregon residents sufficiently demonstrates that Defendant expressly aimed its activities toward Oregon residents." The motion to dismiss was denied. The motion to compel arbitration was granted in the same document, so the operator lost the jurisdictional argument and won the case anyway.

That is a single district court's finding, not settled law. But every operator that publishes an excluded-states list and verifies addresses is building the same record.

What is the Minnesota case, and why does it matter?

Maczko v. ARB Gaming, LLC, No. 0:26-cv-03396 in the District of Minnesota, filed on July 23, 2026 - two days after the Illinois ruling. It is the newest of the twelve. It is not the only one filed while the orders were landing: the Kentucky class action against ARB Gaming went in on July 21, the same day as the Illinois ruling, and the Massachusetts case predates all four.

The 46-page complaint asks for damages on behalf of "Minnesota residents who have paid and lost money or other things of value on Modo.us", under Minnesota's gambling loss recovery statutes at Minn. Stat. sections 541.20 and 541.21. These are allegations and nothing in the case has been decided.

What makes it different is that the complaint attacks the arbitration clause up front, in the pleading itself, rather than waiting to answer a motion to compel, and it does so on a theory the other plaintiffs did not have. It alleges that "the arbitration provision itself rests entirely on gambling consideration and is therefore void and unenforceable under Minn. Stat. section 541.21 and Minnesota public policy", and it points at the one ruling in this industry that went the other way: Wolters v. Sweepsteaks Limited, in which a Minnesota federal judge on July 1, 2026 refused to send a Stake.us player to arbitration. We read that order when it came out and set out both of the independent grounds it rests on.

The Minnesota docket is live and has moved again since we published. The public mirror shows six entries after the complaint: an order on a motion for admission pro hac vice on August 11 and another on August 12, an order on a motion for extension of time on September 9, two more orders on pro hac vice motions on September 10, and entry 24 on September 23, labelled "Order of Recusal". Every one of those six is a bare label in the public mirror, with no document and no text, so we can report that they exist and not what they say, who filed the underlying motions, or whether the court granted them. That applies to the recusal too: the label says a judge has stepped aside, and it does not say which judge, on what ground, or who the case goes to next, and no reassignment entry has followed it. Nothing resembling a motion to compel arbitration appears in the mirror, but the mirror only holds entries someone has pulled out of the court's paid system, so that is an absence of evidence rather than evidence of absence.

What does this mean for a player with money on a sweeps site?

Three things follow from these documents, and none of them is specific to Modo.

1. The opt-out is the only lever, and it expires. Thirty days from signup, in writing, by the method the terms name. After that two courts have now held that you made a meaningful choice.
2. A class action is not a route to your balance. Four of these cases are stayed pending individual arbitration. Filing or joining one does not get a payout moving.
3. Where the case is filed changes the answer. Minnesota is the only district where we have seen a court in a sweepstakes case refuse to compel arbitration, and that ruling is on appeal to the Eighth Circuit. On the same day it was handed down, a Georgia judge sent a Chumba Casino player to arbitration on the operator's paperwork.

The 13 Kentucky class actions we have been tracking include one against ARB Gaming, Taylor v. ARB Gaming, LLC, No. 4:26-cv-00488. We re-read that docket on September 12. It has eleven entries, the last of them an order on August 12, and ARB Gaming has not answered the complaint. Nothing there has been decided either way. If you are deciding where to play rather than how to sue, our ranked list of sweepstakes casinos is built on brands whose paperwork we can follow, and Modo is not on it.

Sources & documents

• CourtListener docket search for the ARB Gaming captions - 12 federal dockets, read September 12, 2026, and the source of both case tables above
• Order granting motion to compel arbitration, Walker v. ARB Gaming, ECF 21 (D. Utah, Apr 22, 2026) - two pages, the non-opposition order
• Report and recommendation, Kowalok v. ARB Gaming, ECF 27 (N.D. Ohio, Apr 24, 2026) - 18 pages, the source of the opt-out passage
• Memorandum of opinion and order, Kowalok v. ARB Gaming, ECF 29 (N.D. Ohio, May 15, 2026) - adopting the recommendation
• Findings and recommendation, Anderson v. ARB Gaming, ECF 49 (D. Or., Jun 24, 2026) - 27 pages, the personal-jurisdiction and unconscionability analysis
• Order adopting, Anderson v. ARB Gaming, ECF 51 (D. Or., Jul 16, 2026) - three pages
• Memorandum opinion and order, Harris v. ARB Gaming, ECF 36 (N.D. Ill., Jul 21, 2026) - 11 pages, the delegation-clause ruling
• Class action complaint, Maczko v. ARB Gaming, ECF 1 (D. Minn., Jul 23, 2026) - 46 pages of allegations, none of them decided
• CourtListener entries for the Minnesota docket - re-read September 24, 2026, six entries after the complaint, the most recent entry 24 of September 23 labelled "Order of Recusal", and all of them label-only
• CourtListener entries for the Kentucky docket, Taylor v. ARB Gaming - read September 12, 2026, eleven entries, nothing since August 12 and no answer

We did not put these findings to ARB Gaming before publishing. Court filings describe allegations and court orders decide procedure; nothing above is a finding that any operator broke the law. If the company responds, this piece gets updated.

21+. Nothing above is legal advice. If gambling is a problem, call or text 1-800-GAMBLER. Responsible gaming resources.